Crane Index™ Research › AI Readability 2026 › Legal Services
Crane Index™ · Annual edition
UK Legal Services AI Readability 2026
As of 1 October 2026, the median UK legal services site scored 46 out of 100 on the Crane Index™, the measure of how readably a site presents itself to AI engines. Across the 135 sites a machine could read, scores ran from 23 to 78, a 55-point gap between the strongest and the weakest.
What this measures. The score reads how readably a site presents itself to AI engines: entity markup, structured data and machine resolvability. It is not a measure of design, brand or quality. A site can look excellent to a person and still be hard for a machine to read, and a low score is a readability finding, never a judgement on the business.
The field in 2026
The field was led by LegalZoom at 78, with Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt next at 74. 3 sites cleared 70 out of 100, and 35 scored below 40.
At the foot of the field sat Simmons & Simmons at 23, Shoosmiths at 28, Sullivan & Cromwell at 32. Each is a site a machine struggled to read, not a business doing anything other than well at what it does.
The full 2026 ranking
Composite out of 100, with the three reads behind it: AI Search Readiness (retrieval), Agent Readiness (execution) and Brand Representation.
| Rank | Organisation | Crane Index | Search | Agent | Brand |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | LegalZoomlegalzoom.com | 78 | 78 | 90 | 67 |
| 2 | Osler, Hoskin & Harcourtosler.com/en | 74 | 74 | 90 | 57 |
| 3 | Keystone Lawkeystonelaw.com | 71 | 84 | 87 | 43 |
| 4 | Mishcon de Reyamishcon.com | 69 | 69 | 72 | 66 |
| 5 | McDermott Will & Emerymcdermottlaw.com | 68 | 76 | 79 | 48 |
| 6 | Gowling WLGgowlingwlg.com/en | 66 | 73 | 83 | 41 |
| 7= | Cuatrecasascuatrecasas.com/en/global | 65 | 70 | 92 | 33 |
| 7= | Gide Loyrette Nouelgide.com | 65 | 64 | 87 | 43 |
| 7= | Nixon Peabodynixonpeabody.com | 65 | 64 | 87 | 43 |
| 10= | Munger, Tolles & Olsonmto.com | 64 | 65 | 89 | 37 |
| 10= | Rajah & Tannrajahtannasia.com | 64 | 68 | 87 | 37 |
| 12= | CMScms.law/en/int | 63 | 59 | 76 | 53 |
| 12= | De Brauw Blackstone Westbroekdebrauw.com | 63 | 79 | 63 | 47 |
| 12= | McGuireWoodsmcguirewoods.com | 63 | 72 | 76 | 41 |
| 15= | Cooleycooley.com | 62 | 71 | 63 | 52 |
| 15= | Jackson Lewisjacksonlewis.com | 62 | 65 | 90 | 32 |
| 15= | Weil, Gotshal & Mangesweil.com | 62 | 67 | 68 | 52 |
| 18= | A&O Shearmanaoshearman.com/en | 61 | 68 | 82 | 32 |
| 18= | Susman Godfreysusmangodfrey.com | 61 | 67 | 87 | 28 |
| 18= | Watson Farley & Williamswfw.com | 61 | 78 | 83 | 23 |
| 21= | Bracewellbracewell.com | 60 | 67 | 87 | 25 |
| 21= | Gibson, Dunn & Crutchergibsondunn.com | 60 | 67 | 87 | 25 |
| 21= | Williams & Connollywc.com | 60 | 65 | 89 | 25 |
| 24= | Allensallens.com.au | 59 | 60 | 89 | 28 |
| 24= | Dechertdechert.com/ | 59 | 57 | 62 | 58 |
| 26= | Axiomaxiomlaw.com | 58 | 64 | 65 | 45 |
| 26= | Fish & Richardsonfr.com | 58 | 66 | 68 | 40 |
| 26= | K&L Gatesklgates.com | 58 | 56 | 71 | 46 |
| 26= | Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarboroughnelsonmullins.com | 58 | 59 | 82 | 32 |
| 26= | Withersworldwidewithersworldwide.com/en-gb | 58 | 71 | 63 | 40 |
| 31= | Cahill Gordon & Reindelcahill.com | 57 | 51 | 89 | 32 |
| 31= | Covington & Burlingcov.com | 57 | 62 | 66 | 42 |
| 31= | Garriguesgarrigues.com/es_ES | 57 | 64 | 72 | 34 |
| 31= | Osborne Clarkeosborneclarke.com | 57 | 58 | 69 | 43 |
| 35= | Burges Salmonburges-salmon.com | 56 | 72 | 87 | 8 |
| 35= | Cadwalader, Wickersham & Tafthlc.com | 56 | 66 | 76 | 25 |
| 35= | DWF Groupdwfgroup.com | 56 | 61 | 63 | 44 |
| 35= | Hogan Lovellshlc.com | 56 | 66 | 76 | 25 |
| 35= | Ogletree Deakinsogletree.com | 56 | 59 | 85 | 23 |
| 35= | Pinsent Masonspinsentmasons.com | 56 | 65 | 62 | 41 |
| 41 | Thomson Reutersthomsonreuters.com/en | 55 | 66 | 62 | 37 |
| 42= | Baker Donelsonbakerdonelson.com | 54 | 50 | 68 | 43 |
| 42= | Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrisonpaulweiss.com | 54 | 61 | 68 | 34 |
| 42= | Reed Smithreedsmith.com | 54 | 67 | 62 | 32 |
| 45= | Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamiltonclearygottlieb.com | 53 | 39 | 87 | 33 |
| 45= | Hunton Andrews Kurthhunton.com | 53 | 51 | 68 | 41 |
| 45= | Mayer Brownmayerbrown.com/en | 53 | 57 | 62 | 41 |
| 45= | Sidley Austinsidley.com/en | 53 | 55 | 62 | 43 |
| 49= | Baker Bottsbakerbotts.com | 52 | 47 | 62 | 46 |
| 49= | Goodwin Proctergoodwinlaw.com/en | 52 | 65 | 58 | 32 |
| 51= | Ballard Spahrballardspahr.com | 51 | 49 | 54 | 49 |
| 51= | Stewartsstewartslaw.com | 51 | 55 | 89 | 8 |
| 51= | Troutman Pepper Locketroutman.com | 51 | 62 | 69 | 22 |
| 51= | Vinson & Elkinsvelaw.com | 51 | 57 | 68 | 28 |
| 55= | Jones Dayjonesday.com/en | 50 | 47 | 62 | 41 |
| 55= | Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivanquinnemanuel.com | 50 | 63 | 63 | 25 |
| 57= | Foley & Lardnerfoley.com | 49 | 53 | 87 | 8 |
| 57= | Simpson Thacher & Bartlettstblaw.com | 49 | 48 | 71 | 29 |
| 57= | Slaughter and Mayslaughterandmay.com | 49 | 61 | 68 | 19 |
| 57= | Stephenson Harwoodstephensonharwood.com | 49 | 63 | 62 | 23 |
| 61 | Lewis Silkinlewissilkin.com | 48 | 53 | 62 | 30 |
| 62= | Davis Polk & Wardwelldavispolk.com | 47 | 60 | 55 | 25 |
| 62= | Torystorys.com | 47 | 52 | 62 | 28 |
| 64= | Ashurstashurstperkinscoie.com | 46 | 51 | 63 | 23 |
| 64= | Charles Russell Speechlyscharlesrussellspeechlys.com | 46 | 59 | 56 | 23 |
| 64= | Cozen O'Connorcozen.com | 46 | 46 | 81 | 10 |
| 64= | Milbankmilbank.com/en | 46 | 45 | 65 | 29 |
| 64= | Perkins Coieashurstperkinscoie.com | 46 | 51 | 63 | 23 |
| 69= | Clifford Chancecliffordchance.com/home.html | 45 | 52 | 69 | 13 |
| 69= | Clyde & Coclydeco.com/en | 45 | 49 | 62 | 25 |
| 69= | Fisher Phillipsfisherphillips.com/en | 45 | 63 | 63 | 8 |
| 69= | Rocket Lawyerrocketlawyer.com | 45 | 57 | 66 | 13 |
| 69= | Seyfarth Shawseyfarth.com | 45 | 55 | 62 | 19 |
| 74= | Allen & Gledhillallenandgledhill.com | 44 | 50 | 66 | 15 |
| 74= | Bryan Cave Leighton Paisnerbclplaw.com/en-US | 44 | 56 | 62 | 13 |
| 74= | Gunderson Dettmergunder.com/en | 44 | 56 | 62 | 13 |
| 74= | Irwin Mitchellirwinmitchell.com | 44 | 53 | 63 | 15 |
| 74= | Squire Patton Boggssquirepattonboggs.com | 44 | 53 | 68 | 10 |
| 74= | WilmerHalewilmerhale.com | 44 | 56 | 65 | 10 |
| 80= | Debevoise & Plimptondebevoise.com | 43 | 39 | 58 | 32 |
| 80= | Hill Dickinsonhilldickinson.com | 43 | 57 | 62 | 10 |
| 80= | Linklaterslinklaters.com | 43 | 41 | 62 | 25 |
| 80= | Mintzmintz.com | 43 | 49 | 69 | 10 |
| 80= | Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittmanpillsburylaw.com/en | 43 | 54 | 63 | 13 |
| 85 | Mills & Reevemills-reeve.com | 42 | 52 | 62 | 13 |
| 86= | Bennett Jonesbennettjones.com | 41 | 47 | 62 | 13 |
| 86= | Blake, Cassels & Graydonblakes.com | 41 | 45 | 68 | 10 |
| 86= | Browne Jacobsonbrownejacobson.com | 41 | 45 | 69 | 10 |
| 86= | Cravath, Swaine & Moorecravath.com | 41 | 42 | 68 | 13 |
| 86= | Crowell & Moringcrowell.com/en | 41 | 48 | 68 | 8 |
| 86= | Greenberg Trauriggtlaw.com | 41 | 47 | 68 | 8 |
| 86= | Littler Mendelsonlittler.com | 41 | 50 | 62 | 10 |
| 86= | Weightmansweightmans.com | 41 | 51 | 65 | 8 |
| 94= | Bird & Birdtwobirds.com/en | 40 | 56 | 56 | 8 |
| 94= | Kasowitz Benson Torreskasowitz.com | 40 | 43 | 68 | 8 |
| 94= | Macfarlanesmacfarlanes.com | 40 | 44 | 62 | 13 |
| 94= | Proskauer Roseproskauer.com | 40 | 44 | 68 | 8 |
| 94= | RPCrpclegal.com | 40 | 49 | 63 | 8 |
| 94= | Travers Smithtraverssmith.com | 40 | 45 | 68 | 8 |
| 94= | Willkie Farr & Gallagherwillkie.com | 40 | 42 | 69 | 10 |
| 101= | Fenwick & Westfenwick.com | 39 | 48 | 57 | 13 |
| 101= | Kirkland & Elliskirkland.com | 39 | 36 | 68 | 13 |
| 101= | Loyens & Loeffloyensloeff.com | 39 | 43 | 63 | 10 |
| 101= | Morrison & Foerstermofo.com | 39 | 48 | 58 | 10 |
| 101= | Trowers & Hamlinstrowers.com | 39 | 47 | 62 | 8 |
| 106= | DAC Beachcroftdacbeachcroft.com | 38 | 38 | 62 | 15 |
| 106= | Epiqepiqglobal.com/en-us | 38 | 43 | 62 | 8 |
| 106= | Freshfieldsfreshfields.com | 38 | 44 | 62 | 8 |
| 106= | Katten Muchin Rosenmankatten.com | 38 | 42 | 62 | 10 |
| 106= | Latham & Watkinslw.com | 38 | 37 | 63 | 13 |
| 106= | Morgan, Lewis & Bockiusmorganlewis.com | 38 | 44 | 62 | 8 |
| 106= | Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flomskadden.com | 38 | 45 | 62 | 8 |
| 113= | Alston & Birdalston.com | 37 | 40 | 62 | 10 |
| 113= | Arnold & Porterarnoldporter.com/en | 37 | 42 | 62 | 8 |
| 113= | Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reathfaegredrinker.com/en | 37 | 41 | 62 | 8 |
| 113= | Holland & Knighthklaw.com/en | 37 | 41 | 62 | 8 |
| 113= | NautaDutilhnautadutilh.com/en | 37 | 34 | 68 | 10 |
| 113= | Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffeorrick.com | 37 | 30 | 68 | 13 |
| 113= | Paul Hastingspaulhastings.com | 37 | 36 | 62 | 13 |
| 120= | Clayton Utzclaytonutz.com | 36 | 43 | 56 | 8 |
| 120= | Kilpatrick Townsend & Stocktonktslaw.com | 36 | 37 | 63 | 8 |
| 120= | Manatt, Phelps & Phillipsmanatt.com | 36 | 33 | 62 | 13 |
| 120= | Winston & Strawnwinstontaylor.com | 36 | 43 | 56 | 8 |
| 120= | WongPartnershipwongpartnership.com | 36 | 43 | 56 | 8 |
| 125= | Bradley Arant Boult Cummingsbradley.com | 35 | 34 | 63 | 8 |
| 125= | King & Spaldingkslaw.com | 35 | 36 | 62 | 8 |
| 125= | Venablevenable.com | 35 | 35 | 62 | 8 |
| 128= | Anderson Mori & Tomotsuneamt-law.com | 34 | 31 | 62 | 8 |
| 128= | Stikeman Elliottstikeman.com | 34 | 30 | 54 | 18 |
| 130= | Boies Schiller Flexnerbsfllp.com | 33 | 33 | 59 | 8 |
| 130= | Norton Rose Fulbrightnortonrosefulbright.com/en-us | 33 | 30 | 60 | 10 |
| 132= | Addleshaw Goddardaddleshawgoddard.com/en | 32 | 27 | 62 | 8 |
| 132= | Sullivan & Cromwellsullcrom.com | 32 | 35 | 52 | 10 |
| 134 | Shoosmithsshoosmiths.com | 28 | 24 | 50 | 10 |
| 135 | Simmons & Simmonssimmons-simmons.com | 23 | 21 | 34 | 15 |
Download this edition: the full field as a spreadsheet (CSV), or the same run as JSON. Licensed CC BY 4.0, so it is yours to publish and build on with attribution. Every unreadable site carries empty score cells, never a zero.
This is the fixed 2026 edition, pinned to the scan measured 1 October 2026, so the figures on it do not change. The live field, re-run on the first of each month, is on the current Legal Services benchmark. For how the score is built, see the methodology.
Licensed CC BY 4.0. Cite as: The Crane Index™, UK Legal Services AI readability 2026, The Crane Consultancy, measured 1 October 2026. https://thecraneconsultancy.com/research/legal-services-ai-readability-2026/